7月19日的托福考试结束啦~
大家发挥如何？继上周直接照搬历史题库后，官方这周依旧延续 “躺平” 模式
翻出来的题不仅年头久远，难度还直逼天花板，这操作也是没谁了。
快来看看本场托福考情回顾吧👇
01
阅读部分
R1
荷兰黄金时代的绘画
荷兰的黄金时代被认为是其绘画艺术达到巅峰的时期，特别是在17世纪。这一时期的荷兰绘画出现了许多创新，包括风格处理和制作过程上的变革。
画家们开始采用简化的色彩方案和更简单的构图，如Esaias van de Velde和Jan Porcellis等人的作品，这种“调和”风格大大降低了制作成本，使得绘画作品更易于推广和销售。这些新技术不仅简化了画面，还更加吸引观众，逐渐引发了对日常生活场景的兴趣，逐步取代了宗教和历史题材的主导地位。
文章还提到，通过分析17世纪阿姆斯特丹的遗嘱清单，可以看出风景画、人物画和静物画在市场上占据越来越大的比重，而传统的宗教和历史题材的画作逐渐减少。这些变化不仅开辟了更广泛的绘画市场，还使得中等收入群体能够购买到高质量的原创艺术作品，从而推动了荷兰绘画的多样化和市场的扩展。
总之，荷兰黄金时代的绘画发展不仅在艺术风格上进行了重大创新，同时也通过降低生产成本和扩展市场，使绘画艺术更加普及和可负担，从而成为当时荷兰文化繁荣的一个重要象征。
R2
土壤退化
只有富含有机物，被植被覆盖的土地才能避免或减缓土地退化的现象。
在温带地区可以通过将秸秆，动物粪便回土等方式增加土壤中有机物的含量，防止土壤退化。种植植被的土地比荒芜的土地更能避免土地退化的情形。地更能避免土地退化的情形。
热带地区土壤退化的现象更为严重，因为雨水频率高迅疾，地势陡峭之处土壤极易流失。印度通过一个办法使土地退化率减少90%。尤其是旱季。
非洲一地也效仿。这种办法需要的技术水平低，但是需要大量人力。干旱半干旱地区通过灌溉耕种减少荒漠化，但是灌溉导致地下水蒸发，盐分留在地标。加重土地的盐碱化。
R3
阿兹特克奇南帕农业技术Chinampas
15至16世纪，阿兹特克帝国覆盖现今墨西哥中南部，包括高地和低地。低地和平坦的湖床区域采用了灌溉农业，尤其是利用洪水灌溉，既补充了土壤养分，也使得土地无需轮休。相比传统的休耕方式，灌溉更高效、产量更大、能支持更多人口。部分地区依赖天然泉水实现全年灌溉，特别是墨西哥盆地南部泉水丰富的区域，灌溉系统能在雨季前开始种植，确保作物在霜冻前成熟，生产稳定可靠。
“奇南帕斯”是一种从浅湖床中开垦出来的高产农田，被称为“浮动花园”。其构造方法包括在浅湖中交替堆积植物与泥土，然后用木桩和柳树根固定结构，形成肥沃且可持续耕种的土地。这些地块四周环绕着水道，便于灌溉。尽管水中营养源源不断，农民仍可能通过施肥、轮作、多熟种植来进一步提高产量。
奇南帕斯种植了包括玉米、豆类、辣椒、苋菜、西红柿和花卉等多种作物。农民通常将种子先育苗，待发芽后再移栽到田地中，只有玉米通常跳过这个步骤。这种方式提高了产量，还允许不同作物种植交错进行，从而缩短了种植间隔。据推测，无论在现代还是16世纪，每年在一块奇南帕斯上最多可种植7种不同作物。
虽然奇南帕斯系统在效率和可靠性方面非常出色，但历史学者Calnek认为它对大多数家庭的实际食物供给贡献很小，很多情况下甚至不到1%。他指出，这些地块更重要的作用在于种植新鲜蔬菜和花卉的专业化功能，这些产品在市场或节庆中需求旺盛。城市地区的家庭可能通过出售这些易腐商品获得生活必需品或从国家分配中受益。而在城市外，人少地多的乡村地区，家庭可能完全依靠奇南帕斯维持生计并获得剩余产出，尤其是在Xochimilco和Chalco等奇南帕斯密集地区。
02
听力部分
Conversation
1. 学生在与人类学教授的交流中表示，最初选择的"Berber People历史起源"研究课题因缺乏确切的历史资料而难以推进——虽然现代Berber社会资料丰富，但是它五千年前的起源问题学界仍存在分歧，而且Berber语历史上缺乏文字记载，所以学生改变话了话题，现在想写"非洲现代游牧民族子女教育问题"，已确认资料充足。教授说其实有人类学专题数据库Anthro Topics，所以学生可以不用改变topic，下次写论文的时候可以提前和教授进行沟通数据来源。对于学生的新topic，教授认可这个紧扣非洲社群的人类学当代议题符合课程要求，并且关于论文给出了自己的建议。
2. 有个大一学生咨询大学课程安排并了解课堂环境，他说担心大学课程人太多，他本人不喜欢有互动的课堂。老师说会有一些课程班级规模比较小，这样方便讨论。老师提到了Residence Academic Projects（RAP），一个项目大概30个学生，大家住一个宿舍楼并且注册一样的课程，可以帮助适应大学生活。学生或自己还没选课，老师说可以考虑RAP。学生担心宿舍太远，他说自己喜欢离library近的宿舍，但老师还是鼓励他参加，说参与者都觉得收获很大。
3. 学生要找一本书，必须要是某个大师亲自写的，但是图书馆里都是secondary resource。紧接着，学生还跟图书管理员说了说这个大师，说这个大师弄出了complex number。学校里没有这样的书，这个管理员之前的学校有，就是距离太远了。后来，管理员说上网看看其他学校有没有，有的话，帮他借。
4. 学生最近写海岸腐蚀的影响，这恰巧也是教授最近的研究课题，问一下能不能用学生的照片。学生想参加一个club旅行，因为可以对他的研究项目有用。但是，学生好像不是会员了，没办法通过参加，还是享受折扣。教授想出来办法，学生可以作为工作人员去，这样也可以享受优惠。
Lecture
1. 艺术类，讲解罗马雕塑的艺术形式变化，说刚开始的时候风格比较realistic，但是后来就开始描绘罗马神话，并且举了例子进行证明。
2. 心理学。讲解人们解决问题的方式有两个：unconscious和conscious，并且unconscious时效率更高。
3. 天文学。教授在课堂上探讨了寻找外星生命的可能性，也就是必须得有液态水。教授提出液态水可能有两种来源：一是白矮星white dwarf系统，虽然白矮星温度较低，但行星通过近距离轨道仍可能获得足够热量维持液态水；二是暗物质dark matter供能行星，在暗物质密集区域，行星引力可能捕获暗物质粒子，通过粒子湮灭产生足够热量。教授强调，虽然这些理论尚存假设成分，但大大拓展了宇宙中可能存在生命的范围，表明液态水环境可能比原先想象的更为普遍。地球因恰好的位置拥有液态水海洋，而其他行星可能通过不同机制同样具备孕育生命的条件。
4. 之前纽约的很多建筑都拆掉了，拆掉这些建筑其实见证了历史变迁，具有很重还要的意义。当时的土地拥有者注重商业利益，而不是这种历史意义，不能挣钱就拆掉。教授了一个古代与现代风格结合建筑，后来也是被拆掉了。之后，有一个组织成立，它拥有权力，限制这些人不拆掉古建筑。
5. 学校准备要安装风力发电的装置，很多人反对，因为看起来不好看。出了一张新图，新的风力发电装置，它可以在任何的大风条件下进行发电。下一个点不确定，应该是不用靠近距离比较近吧。最后，教授说，可以根据海洋中鱼协作提高效率的方法用在风力发电上，这些装置可以互相协调以发挥最大效果。
1507年出版的瓦尔德塞米勒地图（Waldseemüller map）及其在制图史上的重要意义。该地图由德国制图师马丁·瓦尔德塞米勒和学者马蒂亚斯·林曼合作完成，首次将美洲（America）作为一个独立大陆标注在地图上，并以探险家亚美利哥·韦斯普奇（Amerigo Vespucci）的名字命名。文章探讨了命名的争议、韦斯普奇的航海贡献，以及地图中为何在太平洋尚未被欧洲人发现时就描绘出被水域环绕的美洲大陆的谜团。此外，文章还提到地图的稀有性、短暂流传后消失的原因，以及后来被偶然重新发现的经过。
03
口语部分
TASK 1
独立口语部分
（第一套）
Some people like surprise visits from their friends, others prefer to be informed ahead of the visit. Which one do you prefer? Use specific examples and details in your response
（第二套）
Your university currently requires all students to take one humanities course in a subject such as literature or philosophy in order to graduate. However, some students majoring in subjects such as math and science think that these humanities courses are not relevant to their field of study and they should therefore not be required to take them. Do you agree with these students? Explain why or why not.
（第三套）
Should students from the same major live in the same dormitory?
TASK 2
校园题部分
（第一套）
阅读：学校提议为学生提供运动视频（exercise video），以便学生可以在课堂上进行简单的锻炼。这一提议旨在帮助学生在课堂上保持活力，同时避免教室过于拥挤。
听力同意：1.提供更多时间做其他事情：女生同意这一提议，认为如果学生可以在课堂上进行简单的锻炼，他们就可以有更多时间去做其他事情。例如，学生可以利用节省下来的时间参加瑜伽课，从而更好地平衡学习和生活。2.提供替代选择：女生还提到，去健身房的人非常多，而运动视频可以为学生提供另一种选择。这样，学生可以在课堂上进行简单的锻炼，而不需要去健身房，从而节省时间和精力。
（第二套）
阅读：学校提出了取消针对所有学生的入门科学课程要求的政策。这一提议旨在为非科学专业的学生减轻学业负担，使他们能够将更多的时间和精力投入到自己专业领域的学习中。
听力反驳：
1.保留差异化课程：反对者建议不应完全取消入门科学课程，而是为科学专业和非科学专业的学生开设不同层次的科学课程。这样既能满足非科学专业学生的需求，又不影响科学专业学生的基础知识体系构建。2.跨学科学习的价值：科学课程不仅教授科学知识，还培养学生的逻辑思维、分析问题和解决问题的能力。这些能力对所有学生都有益，无论他们的专业是什么。因此，保留入门科学课程可以帮助学生获得更全面的教育。
（第三套）
阅读：学校正在考虑是否向旅行者开放学生寝室，这一提议引发了学生和教职员工的混合感受。
听力反驳：
1.增加收入：向旅行者开放寝室可以为学校带来额外的收入。特别是在假期和学期末，许多学生离校，寝室空置率较高，出租给旅行者可以有效利用这些空置空间。
2.促进文化交流：旅行者来自不同的背景和文化，开放寝室可以促进学生与旅行者之间的文化交流。这种交流不仅可以丰富学生的校园生活，还可以提升学校的国际化形象。
TASK 3
学术讲座部分
（第一套）
主题：个性（Personality）定义：这篇文章讨论了个性（Personality）在特定情境下的重要性，并通过一个具体例子来说明个性特征如何影响行为和互动。例子：在一次会议中，一位教授迟到了十分钟。当他到达时，讲解员正在讲解一个已经讨论过的问题。教授打断了讲解员，提出了一个已经讲过的问题。这使得讲解员感到非常生气，认为教授是故意这样做的。这一事件反映了个性特征在互动中的重要性。讲解员的反应可能源于其对时间的严格要求和对会议流程的重视，这表明他在个性上可能具有较强的责任心和对效率的追求。教授的行为可能反映了他在面对信息时的主动性和直接性，这可能是他个性中较为直接和坦率的体现。
（第二套）
主题：营养繁殖（Vegetative Propagation）定义：这篇文章介绍了营养繁殖（Vegetative Propagation）的概念，并通过草莓种植的例子来说明这一过程。例子：草莓种植是一个典型的营养繁殖例子。草莓通过其匍匐茎（runner）进行营养繁殖。匍匐茎是从母株上长出的水平茎，当它接触到地面时，会在节处生根并形成新的植株。这些新植株与母株具有相同的遗传特性，因此能够保持母株的优良性状。
（第三套）
主题：员工生产力（Employee Productivity）
定义：这篇文章讨论了员工在特定情况下工作效率的变化，特别是当员工的工资突然提升或升职后的工作表现。
例子：工资提升对生产力的影响当员工的工资突然提升时，他们通常会在短期内表现出更高的工作效率。这种现象可以通过以下几点来解释：1.激励效应：工资提升会增强员工的工作动力，使他们更愿意投入额外的努力以回报公司的认可。2.满意度提升：工资提升通常会提高员工的满意度，减少工作中的不满情绪，从而提高工作效率。然而，随着时间的推移，这种积极效应可能会逐渐减弱。员工可能会逐渐适应新的工资水平，工作动力可能会回落到原来的水平。此外，如果工作环境和职责没有显著变化，员工可能会感到缺乏新的挑战，导致工作效率下降。
TASK 4
学术讲座部分
（第一套）
主题：求救信号
定义：动物在感知到威胁时，会发出特定的声音以警告群体中的其他成员。这些声音可以是尖叫、啼叫或其他高频率的声音，目的是迅速引起其他个体的注意并促使它们采取行动。
例子：1.鸟类：许多鸟类在发现捕食者时会发出尖锐的报警叫声。这种声音会迅速传播，使周围的鸟儿能够及时飞走或躲避。2.灵长类动物：如狒狒和猴子，当发现捕食者时会发出特定的报警声，警告群体中的其他成员，使它们能够迅速采取行动以避免被捕食。
（第二套）
主题：消除小组合作的缺点
定义：这篇文章讨论了两种消除小组合作缺点的方法，旨在提高团队效率和成员满意度。
例子：1.项目管理软件：使用项目管理工具（如Trello或Asana）可以帮助团队明确每个成员的任务和截止日期。这种工具提供了可视化的任务分配和进度跟踪功能，确保每个成员都清楚自己的职责。2.团队会议：定期召开团队会议，讨论每个成员的进度和遇到的问题。这不仅可以确保每个人都了解项目的整体进展，还可以及时调整任务分配，避免任务重叠或遗漏。
（第三套）
主题：冬眠（Hibernation）
定义：方式1：在固定时间进入冬眠许多动物在每年的特定时间进入冬眠，这种行为是由生物钟和季节变化共同调控的。这种方式使得动物能够在资源丰富的时期积极活动，而在资源匮乏的时期通过冬眠来节省能量。
方式2：在食物短缺且天气寒冷时进入冬眠一些动物的冬眠行为是由环境条件触发的，当食物变得稀少且天气变冷时，它们会进入冬眠状态以节省能量。这种方式使得动物能够灵活应对环境变化。
例子：1.熊：熊通常在秋季开始积累脂肪，并在冬季进入洞穴开始冬眠。它们的冬眠时间相对固定，通常从晚秋到早春，这段时间内它们依靠储存的脂肪维持生命。2.蝙蝠：蝙蝠也会在特定的季节进入冬眠，通常选择在寒冷的洞穴或建筑物内度过冬季。
04
写作部分
第一套
综合写作
Both the reading and listening are talking about bioluminescence. The lecturer disagrees with the reading, suggesting all the explanations mentioned are flawed.
First, the reading asserts that v the min min lights may be caused by bioluminescence. Some organisms can produce and emit light through chemical reactions, a phenomenon that is not uncommon in nature, such as fireflies. However, according to the lecturer, min min lights are extremely bright, while bioluminescent phenomena are usually very faint and cannot reach the brightness of min min lights. Additionally, min min lights are generally described as round discs of light, whereas the light emitted by insects is usually scattered and cannot form such a shape.
Second, the reading suggests min min lights may be caused by the release of underground natural gases (such as methane). These gases can ignite spontaneously and emit light under specific conditions. Nevertheless, the lecturer argues that Methane is a known underground gas that can emit light in certain areas, but it usually comes from wetlands. However, min min lights typically appear in locations far from wetlands. If min min lights were caused by methane, they should be closer to wetlands.
Lastly, the reading section further points out that special atmospheric conditions, such as a combination of specific humidity, temperature, and wind speed may cause abnormal reflection and refraction of light, thereby forming the min min lights. In contrast, bright electric lights are a modern invention, while the phenomenon of min min lights has been observed for hundreds of years. Before the invention of electricity, light sources were usually weak, so the reflection theory cannot easily explain early occurrences of min min lights.
学术讨论
Doctor Diaz
We've been discussing government budgets and the difficult decisions governments must make regarding the use of public funds. Some services are clearly essential and must be paid for by any government. But what about public funding of the arts? Do you believe that governments should provide financial support to artists-for example, painters, sculptors, musicians, or filmmakers? Why or why not?
Claire
I enjoy art as much as anyone does, but public funds come from taxes, and I don't think taxpayers' hard-earned money should be spent on impractical or inessential items and services. Artists should support themselves by selling their work to private individuals and companies. If they can't find enough buyers, then maybe they should change careers.
Paul
Personally think art actually is essential. Lots of public spaces in my hometown just wouldn't be the same without artwork. From statues in public parks to murals painted on the walls of government buildings, my hometown really benefits from funding the artists who created these works. The public spaces are simply more enjoyable for visitors because of the artwork
第二套
综合写作
Both the reading and listening are talking about the decreasing population of yellow legged frogs. The lecturer disagrees with the reading, suggesting all the explanations mentioned are flawed.
First, the reading asserts that the invasion of invasive species may be a reason for the significant decline in yellow-legged frogs. These invasive species have no natural predators in the local ecosystem, so they can reproduce rapidly and threaten the survival of native species. However, according to the lecturer, invasive species have long been eliminated through local people's fishing activities at inappropriate times, so the threat of invasive species invasion no longer exists.
Second, the reading mentions that the frogs' habitat is close to an agriculturally developed rural area in California. To prevent pests from damaging crops, a large amount of pesticides and insecticides are used locally. These chemicals are eventually transmitted to the frogs' habitat through water or air, causing the frogs to get infected and die in large numbers. Nevertheless, pesticides usually spread to lower areas by wind or water flow, while the village itself is located in a high area, so pesticides will not harm the frogs in the village. should be closer to wetlands.
Lastly, the reading section further points out that s that fungal diseases may be another cause of the decline in frog populations. The special chemicals carried by fungal diseases are fatal to frogs because frogs have no antibodies against such substances, leading to mass deaths. In contrast, studies have shown that frogs themselves have certain resistance factors to fungal diseases, so fungal diseases are unlikely to be the main cause of the significant decline in frog populations.
学术讨论
Doctor-Achebe
In this course, we've been studying current events and discussing the value of beingeducated consumers of news. However, there is also an opinion that we should periodically limit our exposure to current events and ever take breaks from the news. Do you think it is beneficial to take breaks from reading or watching the news for a period of a few days or weeks? Why or why not?
Claire
Beneficial or not, it would be impossible. Today, we're exposed to the news everywhere on our phones, on our computers, on big TV screens in waiting rooms and in airport lounges. To take a break from the news, you would have to withdraw from all activities in society, which is unrealistic Paul
I think that taking a break from the news could be helpful psychologically. lt obviously depends on how long a break we take. Completely avoiding watching or reading the news may be too extreme, but taking a short break from the news could help us avoid news stories that may affect us negatively.
第三套
综合写作
Both the reading and listening are talking about whether Olmec developed a system of writing. The lecturer disagrees with the reading, suggesting all the theories mentioned are flawed.
First, the reading asserts that the that evidence supporting the development of a writing system by the Olmec is extremely limited, as similar symbols have only been found on a single stone block. This singularity makes it difficult to determine whether these symbols constitute a complete writing system. However, according to the
lecturer, symbols on other objects may have been erased by weathering. For example, the stone block might have been preserved because it was buried in special soil, while other objects could have lost their symbols due to exposure to the environment.
Second, the reading argues that the symbols on the stone block may merely serve a decorative purpose rather than being used to record language or information. This suggests that these symbols may not have the actual functions of a writing system. Nevertheless, the symbols have certain patterns and similar combinations have been found on other objects. Such patterns and repetitions indicate that these symbols may have actual recording functions, rather than being merely decorative.
Lastly, the reading states that the reading emphasizes that there is uncertainty regarding the origin time and place of these symbols. This makes it hard to compare these symbols with known writing systems or verify their developmental process. In contrast, pottery was also found near the discovery site of the stone block. The shape, decoration, and style of these pottery items can be traced to a specific origin time and place. If the origin of the pottery can be determined, the origin of the stone block can be identified using the same method.0 - km journey.
学术讨论
Doctor-Achebe
More and more, online shopping is becoming the primary way that many people obtain
everyday goods. But what are the ramifications for the society in which we live? On the one hand, online shopping has advantages -for example, I can make a purchase without ever leaving my home. However, with fewer people shopping at local shops, in some places, these establishments are having a hard timecompeting. Do you think that online shopping is, on the whole. affecting society?
Paul
I think that online shopping has had negative impacts on society. In my city, many local stores have shelves filled with various products that you can find in online stores. This has forced some of them to close down, which not only affects the amount of tax revenue generated in our local community but also impacts the number of job opportunities available to the community members
Kelly
It's unfortunate that some local stores are forced to close down, but that's the nature of competition. As consumers, we benefit greatly from online shopping due to lower prices. Even if I find a physical store that can compete with online sellers in terms of pricing, I am still likely to make the purchase online because it means I don't have to spend money on transportation to the store.
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