7月23日托福几乎又是清一色旧题重现!考生们直呼“又翻车了”!

7月23日托福考试已经落下帷幕考情分析新鲜出炉!

旧题扎堆

口语题又是重复的!

但拿高分真的不容易

同学们觉得这次考得如何?

期待备考同学们都能顺利上岸!

阅读

R1

冰河期结束约1万年前,北美自美国南部至加拿大北部遍布森林。气候转暖变干,森林北退,高大乔木被灌木替代,灌木再被grass取代,部分区域直接由森林变grassland。高纬度雨雪充沛处保留零散forest,山顶缺水仅长草地。除火灾外,干旱是grass最大威胁。草原植物遇火几无逃生机会,grass却能凭地下root系统再生。树干外露,火后难复。频繁干旱与火缩短树木生长期,幼苗常被闪电点燃的grass fire毁灭。沼泽地因湿度和闪电稀少,树木得以存活并扩张。土著人放火限制forest以维持grass供养bison,农业社会兴起后放火减少,树木扩展。大气CO₂浓度上升增强乔木竞争力,火灾仍是树木分布主因。

R2

德川幕府于17世纪推行“参勤交代”制度,规定大名定期赴江户(Edo)居住,禁止地方增筑castle。大名及随从集中入住唯一城堡,催生castle town。往返队伍庞大,对食宿、运输、物资需求激增,激活沿线商业,商贾聚集,町人阶层扩张。武士收入固定,商人握财,社会重心由samurai向merchant转移。度量衡、道路统一,城市网络成型,奠定日本早期urbanization基础。

R3

德川家康在关原之战击败联军后确立幕府体制,天皇保留名义地位,实权转入Tokugawa手中。为削弱地方大名,幕府颁令各大名执行参勤交代:每人在江户住一年,在京置宅,家眷常驻,中小大名被禁筑castle,仅得普通住宅。人口集中催生行政、商业、手工业机构,江户迅速成长为巨型city。外样大名移住制度被推广至地方,跨省流动受控,队伍规模限路线、时刻、宿站。驿站因数千人食宿需求而繁荣,形成财富节点。长期和平使samurai收入下降,幕府统一度量衡、修筑公路,刺激商业。武士不得转业,经济地位下滑,商人阶层财富日增。政府颁布简朴着装令,商人以高价装饰规避,阶层差异在服饰上。

R4

微生物与恐龙关系研究指出,恐龙digestive tract内存在大量microbiota,协助分解植物纤维,提升能量摄取。化石feces与骨骼同位素分析显示,植食恐龙依赖fermentation过程,微生物群落构成随食性变化。白垩纪末期climate fluctuation影响植被结构,微生物失衡可能加剧恐龙营养压力,为灭绝链条一环。

R5

西苏丹帝国位于撒哈拉南缘至苏丹草原,公元8世纪阿拉伯文献首记政权,11世纪称加纳,后由马里、宋海继承。尼日尔河东西向流,地形平坦,舟行便利,促人口、语言、作物、艺术交流。区域分工催生贸易,城市早现。考古显示珍尼遗址在4世纪前已具规模,政治权力分散,社会差距有限。骆驼商队虽后至,仍加速贸易规模,要求更强政权保护商旅与精英利益,城市扩张同步进行。

R6

捕食者predator与猎物prey动态由数量反馈驱动:predator增多导致prey减少,prey稀缺又使predator下降,prey随后回升。雪兔-猞猁10年周期为经典例证。实验移除predator,prey暴增后资源枯竭;引入predator,系统恢复震荡。能量流动、进化压力与空间结构共同参与调节,形成稳态或周期波动。

听力

Conversation

C1:

学生起初对“语言诗歌”这一名称感到困惑,认为所有诗歌都使用语言,不理解其特殊性。教授解释称,语言诗歌的特点在于诗人以非传统方式运用语言,强调读者对语言本身的关注,而非追寻作者的隐含意图。学生提到自己读这类诗歌时难以理解,因为文本常由碎片化的词句组成。教授指出,语言诗歌的阅读重点在于读者自身的感受和联想,需要主动参与构建诗歌的意义,而非被动接受作者的信息。最后,教授建议学生从William Carlos Williams的作品入手,作为传统诗歌与语言诗歌之间的桥梁,并约定在课堂上进一步讨论。对话以学生答应协助下一次作家会议结束。

C2:

一个是学生申请了夏日戏剧项目 ,但她是教育学专业的~ 但学戏剧可以让自己更好的在课堂上和学生互动

在这段对话中,Malcolm和他的历史教授讨论了Malcolm关于墨西哥电影的报告。Malcolm计划将他的参考书目按作者字母顺序列出,并询问教授是否可以使用西班牙语的资料。教授表示完全可以使用任何有助于研究的话语材料,并且称赞Malcolm选择的墨西哥电影作为研究主题非常有趣,特别是1930到1954年间的电影传统。Malcolm提到,随着电视的流行和政府对电影行业的资金支持停止,墨西哥电影在1954年后开始衰退。

教授建议Malcolm在报告中加入更多关于墨西哥电影的背景资料,而不仅仅是分析电影黄金时代的衰落。他建议Malcolm在报告中讨论电影在墨西哥社会中的作用,提到一些著名导演以及他们的电影风格,还可以探讨墨西哥电影是否受到其他国家电影的影响。Malcolm提到了一位俄罗斯导演对墨西哥电影的影响,并指出墨西哥电影有现实主义和魔幻诗意两种风格。教授同意了Malcolm的想法,鼓励他加入更多细节和背景,以使报告更加全面。

Lecture

L1:(课程知识背景必讲内容)拼贴画是指使用手工碎纸片、杂志、剪报、照片、编织物等东西组合好粘贴在一个表面上,从而创作出一个新的作品。最常见的“表面”有画布、木板等。讲了一个人在大学里面学数学,到后面去学艺术了 然后后面受到一个人影响。就是那个人的画面注重整体,不注重单人,然后注重于社会。他的拼接话受到了这个人很大的影响,然后他最后形成自己的风格。

注: 拼贴艺术本身反应出的讽刺、幽默等,对后来的艺术创作产生了深刻的影响。

L2:开头讲太阳风与地球风的相似性,随后讲了太阳风的作用。太阳风是由太阳释放的带电粒子流,其运动受到磁场的显著影响。当太阳风抵达地球时,会与地球磁场相互作用,并在地球两极附近引发极光现象(aurora)。太阳风的活动与极光的强度密切相关,说了太阳活动与地球自然现象关系。太阳风还可能对其他领域产生干扰。

L3:罗梅尔·比尔登是20世纪的非裔美国艺术家,他的作品表达了非裔美国人社区的经历,特别是人们在公共空间中的互动。比尔登出生于北卡罗来纳州,并在纽约市成长,家里是许多作家、艺术家、音乐家和思想家的聚集地,他们多与哈莱姆文艺复兴运动相关。这个运动是非裔美国艺术、文学和文化的重要时期,对比尔登的艺术创作有深远影响。

比尔登早期并未打算成为艺术家,他在大学学习数学,但也开始做一些漫画插图。毕业后,他进入艺术学校正式学习艺术,并受到了优秀教师的启发,尤其是16世纪佛兰德画家彼得·布鲁盖尔的作品。比尔登深受布鲁盖尔的影响,特别是布鲁盖尔画作中的市场场景和乡村舞蹈,他也开始创作反映社区生活的作品,强调人与人之间的互动,而非单独的个体。

比尔登的作品逐渐发展为拼贴画风格,他将黑白照片、丙烯画、布料、木材等材料混合使用,创造出独特的形式、色彩和质感。他的艺术风格像拼布一样,采用“剪切和粘贴”的技法,成为他的标志性风格。此外,比尔登对音乐,特别是爵士乐非常感兴趣,他的创作过程与爵士乐的即兴演奏类似,充满了创造性和灵感的即兴发挥。

L4:讲座讲的是frankentein这个小说,作者Shelley是如何把monster和nature(weather)联系起来的

还有一个对话是和教授讨论final paper写啥,好像与电影和摄像艺术有关,关于写什么内容提到了两个人名

口语

TASK 1 独立口语题

第一套:

Do you agree or disagree that the determining factor in the success of students in school is the intelligence? Use specific examples and details in your response.

第二套:

When giving feedback to students, some teachers would like to talk to their students in person, while some teachers would give written comments to students. Which do you prefer and why? Use specific examples and details in your response.

第三套:

Some people think that students learn better through the process of playing educational games in groups in the classroom. Others think that playing games is not a good use of classroom time. Which view do you agree with? Explain why.

TASK 2 校园题

第一套:

阅读:将学生演出从校园剧场整体迁移到市中心剧场(downtown theater)。

听力反驳:

1.目前观众主要是学生,人数其实并不多;留在校园内反而便于学生前往观看,若迁至市中心,因距离与交通问题,到场人数可能反而减少;

2.市中心剧场虽设备先进,但学生们只接受过校园设备的培训,不会操作新设备,反而可能导致演出水准下降。

第二套:

阅读:

学校应取消所有学生社团的选拔(audition)制度,改为“零门槛”自由加入。

听力反对:

1. 并非所有社团都适合零门槛,例如爵士乐队这类对演奏水平有硬性要求的团体,如果完全取消选拔,整体水准下降,排练效率也会受损;2.校园内已同时存在“选拔型”和“开放型”两类社团,同学可按自身需求自由选择——想精进的加入选拔型,想体验的加入开放型,因此没有必要一刀切地废除选拔。

阅读:

学校推出“北极项目”(Arctic Program),鼓励全体学生利用寒假前往北极地区进行为期两周的实地考察与科研学习,学校承担课程及住宿费用。

听力反驳:

1.并非所有学生都愿意或需要长途旅行,该男生本人就在校内本地委员会工作,更倾向留在校园参与本地项目;2.虽然学校免除了课程与住宿费用,但机票和极地防寒装备仍需自掏腰包,整体开销依旧高昂,对部分学生仍是负担。

第三套:

阅读:

学校推出“北极项目”(Arctic Program),鼓励全体学生利用寒假前往北极地区进行为期两周的实地考察与科研学习,学校承担课程及住宿费用。

听力反驳:

1.并非所有学生都愿意或需要长途旅行,该男生本人就在校内本地委员会工作,更倾向留在校园参与本地项目;2.虽然学校免除了课程与住宿费用,但机票和极地防寒装备仍需自掏腰包,整体开销依旧高昂,对部分学生仍是负担。

TASK 3 学术讲座题

第一套

主题:过度自信效应(Overconfidence Effect)

定义:

这篇文章围绕“过度自信效应”展开。该效应属于认知偏差的一种,指人们在评估自身能力、知识或未来结果时,往往给出高于实际的乐观判断,从而低估风险、高估成功概率。例子:教授的儿子刚毕业时一心想进某报社,岗位仅招一人,却收到几百份简历。他坚信自己必能脱颖而出——不仅努力备考、拿高分,还精心打磨面试表现,并获得了教授的推荐信。结果他并未被录用,情绪一度低落。不过,由于他成绩优异,很快便获得另一家单位的录用机会。这个经历生动说明了“过度自信效应”:当事人对自身胜算估计过高,结果与预期落差明显。

第二套

主题:年龄二态性(age dimorphism)

定义:

这篇文章介绍的是“年龄二态性”(age dimorphism):同一种动物在不同年龄阶段表现出显著的外形差异,这种差异往往具有明确的生态或生存意义。

例子:

成年海鸟通体雪白,而幼鸟则为黑色。这种体色分化并非偶然,而是重要的生存策略——成年海鸟对同类具有强烈攻击性,而幼鸟的黑色羽毛能有效降低被成年个体误伤或攻击的风险,从而提高幼鸟的存活率。

第三套

主题:Marketing Profile(营销客户画像)

定义:

这篇文章介绍的是“Marketing Profile”(营销客户画像)这一专业概念。它指的是企业根据市场调研与数据分析,为某一细分市场构建的典型消费者模型,用以刻画目标群体的关键特征、兴趣、行为与需求,从而指导产品定位、广告创意及媒介投放。

例子:

听力中的食品公司把“注重健康的年轻女性”设为核心目标市场。为此,他们构建了一个具体画像:• 年龄:20多岁;• 行为:经常去健身房,并定期浏览瑜伽相关网站。基于这一画像,公司制作了突出低热量、高蛋白卖点的广告素材,并选择在瑜伽网站、健身 App 等精准渠道进行投放,从而有效触达并打动目标人群。

TASK 4 学术讲座题

第一套

主题:生物荧光(biofluorescence)

定义:这篇文章讨论的是“生物荧光”(biofluorescence)在海洋生物中的两大功能。生物荧光指的是某些生物体吸收外界光线(通常是蓝光)后,再将其以不同波长的可见光(多为绿色或红色)重新发射出来的现象。与“生物发光”(bioluminescence)不同,生物荧光本身不产生光,只是“转换”光。

例子:

防御天敌(predator defense)

1.某种鲨鱼的鱼鳍上具有生物荧光物质,当受到威胁时会发出明亮光芒,向捕食者发出“我很危险,靠近就会受伤”的警告信号,从而降低被捕食的概率。杀菌保健(bactericidal & health maintenance)2.猫鲨(catshark)栖息在海底,环境细菌较多。它们的背部皮肤含有能发出生物荧光的化合物,这些化合物可抑制或杀灭细菌,帮助猫鲨保持健康、提高在恶劣海底环境中的生存率。

第二套

1. 主题:photo manipulation(照片处理)

定义:这篇文章介绍了“photo manipulation”(照片处理/影像篡改)的两种常见技术。所谓照片处理,是指利用各种手段对原始照片进行修改,使其呈现与拍摄时不同的视觉效果,可用于美化、修复,也可用于误导或伪造。

例子:

剪贴合成(cut and paste)

1. 在一张集体照中,有人移动了位置,导致画面出现模糊或重影。通过剪贴技术,可以把某位人物从原位置“剪切”出来,再“粘贴”到新的位置上,从而看似一张完美无瑕的合影。过度上色 / 覆盖绘画(overpainting)2.一张老旧的家族照片中,人物肤色因褪色而失真。处理者先记住正确的肤色,再用画笔工具在照片上直接“覆盖绘画”,把失真的区域重新涂上自然肤色,使照片焕然一新。

主题:食叶动物适应特征(folivore adaptation)

第三套

1. 定义:这篇文章以“考拉”这一典型食叶动物为例,阐述其在长期进化过程中形成的两大“食叶动物适应特征”(folivore adaptation),用以解决叶片食物能量低、毒性高的问题。

例子:

1.通过减少活动以降低能量消耗。考拉每天睡眠或静卧时间长达18–20小时,仅在必要时移动至附近桉树取食。这种极低的活动水平显著降低了基础代谢率,2.从而弥补桉树叶能量密度低的缺陷。依赖体内特殊蛋白分解桉树叶中的毒素

例子:桉树叶含有大量萜烯类和酚醛类毒素。考拉肝脏及肠道微生物群能够分泌细胞色素P450等解毒酶,将这些毒素转化为可排出体外的无害代谢物,使其得以长期以桉树叶为唯一主食而不中毒。

写作

第一套

综合写作

Beavers, a kind of animals that live around streams and rivers in North America, and the dams they built can provide numerous benefits to human. The reading claims that there are three benefits that can be provided by their dams, while the listening challenges the reading's points one by one by saying they are not convincing.

First, the author states that the dams can increase the amount of water that is available for the communities as they can slow down water flow and allow pools to form. in contrast, the lecturer disagrees that the dams can sometimes cause flood. These dams are constructed in front of culverts, tunnels that allow streams and rivers to go beneath roads and railroads. Because the water is blocked by their dams, the nearby places can easily get flooded, causing harm to roads and nearby houses.

Secondly, the passage argues that beaver dams can increase biodiversity in the area because vegetations can thrive due to an increased amount of water and provide food and shelter to a large number of the animals. However, the listening material asserts that some plants like trees can actually be harmed by the dams. To be specific, beavers can chew through trunks for building dams, which can damage trees. Also, dams could cause river water to overflow into dry lands and form ponds. This may result in water covering tree roots and ultimately killing them if they remain in water for a long time.

Last but not least, the writer claims that beaver dams can convert streams and rivers into an ideal habitat for fish as their dams can reduce water speed, and these fish are more likely to thrive in slow-moving water. On the contrary, the listening demonstrates the opposite idea that beaver dams can create another problem for the fish. This because they can prevent fish from swimming upstream as branches could block their passage, and the slow-moving water may not provide amount of sediment that could sufficient force to help fish get through the dams. Also, these dams can introduce a significant amount of sediment.

学术讨论

Dr. Diaz

Starting this week, we are going to discuss the effect that pollution has on our environment. Specifically, we will focus on the pollution of waterways which has caused significant health problems around the world. Large amounts of plastics, industrial waste, and trash pollute the oceans and rivers. I want you to consider the following question: How much can individuals help solve the water pollution problem compared with large institutions such as corporations and governments? Please explain your position.

Andrew

Individual efforts will likely have little effect. It is better to focus on large corporations that do the most damage to our waterways. Think of the oil companies that have spills and factory owners that dump chemicals into the waterways. Individuals pollute the water too, but companies have much more impact. Business leaders need to set examples for the community.

Claire

I believe individual people are the first step in solving the pollution problem. For example, when one person stops using harmful chemicals or helps clean up a local waterway, it can inspire others. They can use social media to spread the word and share examples of positive behavior. This can quickly become a grassroots movement for change.

第二套

综合写作

The reading passage firmly contends that Necho II did not hire Phoenician sailors to explore Africa, while the listening material presents a contrasting perspective, arguing that they indeed made the journey. A detailed analysis of the key points reveals that the lecture effectively challenges the assertions in the reading.

To start with, the reading claims that the simple navigation techniques of that era were insufficient to enable sailors to cross the equator and reach southern Africa. However, the lecturer provides strong evidence to the contrary. Scientists, relying on ancient shipbuilding techniques and materials, recreated an ancient ship and successfully sailed it around Africa. This practical experiment demonstrates that, despite the simplicity of the techniques, circumnavigating Africa was feasible at that time. Just because the technology seemed basic doesn't mean it was ineffective; the successful recreation and voyage prove that the Phoenician sailors could have accomplished the same feat.

Moreover, the reading argues that Egyptian rulers had little interest in exploring beyond their territories. Nevertheless, the lecturer points out that Necho II was an exception. Although previous Egyptian rulers were conservative about maritime exploration, Necho II showed great enthusiasm for water transportation. He vigorously constructed canals to connect scattered waterways, aiming to promote maritime trade. Driven by his strong desire to find new trade partners, it is highly likely that he ordered sailors to attempt the risky voyage around Africa. His actions and ambitions clearly indicate that he was willing to support overseas navigation, which directly contradicts the reading's claim.

Finally, the reading suggests that ancient people were prone to making up stories, and the Phoenicians' sailing around Africa might be a fictional account rather than historical fact. In contrast, the professor in the lecture raises doubts about this view. The authenticity of the sailing story can be inferred from the detailed descriptions. According to the sailors' records, when they reached a certain area, the sun was observed to be in the north at noon, which was a significant contrast to their usual observation of the sun in the south in the Northern Hemisphere. Given the lack of modern geographical knowledge in ancient times, it would have been extremely difficult to fabricate such precise and counterintuitive astronomical details. Therefore, it is highly probable that the story was based on real experiences.

学术讨论

Doctor Achebe

In the next few weeks, we'll be talking about urban traffic management. Let's begin by discussing one popular idea--creating car-free central zones. Some cities around the world have recently designated their downtown areas as being automobile-free which means that vehicles are not allowed to enter the city centers. Do you think that more cities should make their central zones car-free? Why or why not?

Claire

I support the idea of establishing car-free central zones because this will result in one important benefit for city residents-it will be better for their health. Instead of driving everywhere, people will be encouraged to walk or cycle more. It would be a great way to incorporate exercise into people's routines.

Paul

It sounds like a good idea, but I'm skeptical. My main concern is that many businesses located in the city centers, such as shops and restaurants, may suffer because the customers will no longer be able to reach those businesses by car.For some customers, if they can't drive, they won't go at all.

第三套

综合写作

The phenomenon of the sailing stones in Death Valley's Racetrack Playa has long intrigued scientists, spurring a multitude of theories regarding their movement. The reading passage posits three primary explanations: wind - driven motion, ice - sheet facilitation, and human intervention. Conversely, the lecturer disagrees and contends that none of these theories adequately explains the stones' locomotion.

The reading initially posits that strong winds are capable of propelling the stones across the muddy playa floor. While it is undeniable that the region experiences powerful gusts, the lecturer astutely points out a crucial flaw. The stones, as they move, carve deep grooves in the ground, strikingly similar to tire tracks. This suggests that substantial resistance impedes their progress. Overcoming such resistance would demand an enormous amount of force. Consequently, it is highly implausible that even the most tempestuous winds could budge 300 - kilogram stones through the viscous mud.

Secondly, the reading proposes that ice sheets could form and ensnare the stones, enabling them to glide down slopes under the influence of gravity. However, the lecturer refutes this theory with sound reasoning. The environmental conditions in Racetrack Playa are far from conducive to the formation of extensive ice sheets. As a desert, the availability of groundwater is severely restricted. Moreover, the dramatic diurnal temperature variations preclude the formation of ice thick enough to bear the weight of the stones. Hence, this theory fails to hold water in explaining the stones' movement.

Lastly, the reading entertains the notion of human involvement, speculating that people might be relocating the stones as a prank. The lecturer, however, dismisses this idea. Researchers have scoured the area in vain for any signs of human or animal footprints in the vicinity of the stones. Additionally, the patterns of the stones' tracks reveal that they frequently shift during muddy conditions. This makes it extremely unlikely that individuals could maneuver the stones without leaving behind any trace of their activities.

学术讨论

Doctor Achebe

In many countries, the standard workweek consists of eight hours of work each day for five days per week. Now, though, some people advocate a shorter workweek: a four-day workweek with no decrease in workers' pay. There are advantages and disadvantages to this of course. What is your opinion about instituting a shorter, four-day workweek, and why?

Andrew

I like that idea, but on one condition: that the workday is no longer than eight hours. I have heard some plans require ten hours a day for a four-day week. Most employees would find that exhausting, and it could actually be counterproductive to tire out your workers. Yes to four-day weeks, but no to ten-hour days!

Claire

In my country, the workweek is Monday to Friday plus half a day on Saturday, so moving to a four-day workweek would be too drastic a change! Workers might struggle to complete their tasks in a four-day workweek. It seems less stressful to spread workout over more days rather than trying to condense it all into a shorter week.

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