9月20日的托福考试结束啦~同学们考的怎么样呢？
这次的考试
5年前老题回锅，听力有重复
上午场口写旧题依然多！
快来看看本场托福考情回顾吧👇
01、阅读部分
R1
大约在公元1000多年前，整个希腊社会进入到了一个非常衰落的时期。直到公元前700多年，他们才开始了正式的公元纪年。而随着希腊当时整体经济的崛起，它就成了地中海地区非常重要的政治的统治力量。
而且也带来了当时经济和文化的双重复兴。因为在当时人口得到了巨大的生长，虽然他们拥有广阔的土地，但是这些土地更多的都是石头无法来进行种植，因此他们需要想办法来解决这些人的粮食问题。首先第1个解决方法就是从其他城邦进口粮食，因此这使得整个希腊的贸易产业进行了急剧的扩张，他们用自己的白银和陶器来与其他地区交换粮食。
而且在当时因为商业上的扩张，它还与地中海其他的国家发生了冲突，在当时他们进行了非常大规模的海战。但是敌对国家的战舰实在是太笨重了，无法与希腊的非常迅捷的船只来进行抗衡。因此到最后他打败了自己的竞争对手，并且获得了地中海地区的控制权。而随着贸易的兴起，增加了不同国家的人文化上的交流，因此希腊获取了附近的一些文化以及文字，而且他们还开始保留自己的记录。并且会根据周围的文字来进行创新，以形成自己新的文字。
而在此之后，希腊人又慢慢地从周围的人那里学习到了使用货币。他们最初的货币一面是印有乌龟，另外一面是有刻痕。后来他们又发明了有飞马图案的硬币，据说这批飞马曾经能够盗取圣水。大约在公元前300多年，他们又发行了有猫头鹰的硬币，而另外一面刻着女神雅典娜的头像。而其他的城邦也开始进行效仿。
来彰显他们自己的独立地位。但是在当时不同的城邦有一个非常大的问题，就是他们无法标准化度量衡。因为每个城邦都想通过自己的硬币来划分自己的经济势力范围。所以这带来的直接结果就是当时不同的货币来进行互换的时候，需要进行非常复杂的计算。而且当时希腊人还学了周围文化的一些内容，因此在当时希腊人的艺术设计慢慢变成了简单的几何图案。
然后还融入进了一定的埃及风格，因此在当时出现了很多东方的符号，比如说狮子，比如说狮身人面像。而他们很快也开发出来了自己的风格，而且随着不同的工匠之间互相的竞争，他们的整个制陶产业也成为了地中海地区最强的存在。
R2
在200多年前，美国进入了经济高速发展的时期，当时他们从农业慢慢转向了工业的快速发展。而且美国整个国家的家庭规模，也从原来的每个家庭大概7个孩子变成了每个家庭5个孩子。当然这也仍然为社会提供了大量的劳动力，同时也为新的家庭以及新的美国的增长和技术迭代，起到了非常重要的作用。
在美国的当时，其实经济还非常不发达，因为很多偏远的地区根本就没有公路或者水运来进行连接，因此这就使得当地的市场很难来进行开发。但是在大概100多年前美国开始了建造自己的大运河。这把很多大型的城市，比如说纽约与五大湖连接了起来，并且也连接到了美国的西部，这使得整个西部的市场得以迅速的开发，因为它允许商人可以以很低的成本来进行货物和人员的运输，并且给沿岸也带来了非常大的人流量和商品的要供给。在当时他们修建了几千英里的运河。
而虽然在当时出现了运河。但是美国人还仍然希望建造铁路，因为铁路在冬天也可以进行运输。这样就不用等待运河，只有丰水期才能够进行运输，所以在当时他们就开始建造从东部通往中部的铁路。其实在当时火车有非常多的问题，比如说火车容易出轨，并且碰撞产生的火花容易引燃农田，但是这些问题慢慢的被克服掉了。他们大概用了100年的时间铺设了接近1万英里的铁路，总的里程进入到了3万英里，使得美国的西部与东部的连接更加紧密。当水路和铁路建造起来之后，农民就更容易把自己的产品运送到远方。而且这也使得更多的美国人愿意去开拓西部那些还未曾开发的土地。
最终这些水路和铁路不仅使得东西部的商品可以互换，同时也把东部和西部的意识给统一了起来。而在当时，随着铁路以及运河的出现，使得人流也跟着他们的沿线来进行迁徙。因此一个新的路线的建立有可能会决定一个城市的兴衰。一个最为典型的特征就是随着铁路的建立，使得费城和芝加哥快速地兴盛了起来。而随着运输业的发展，货物人员信息的运输变得更加的可靠以及廉价在大概200年前从波士顿发出的订单两周才能到达费城，但是在50年之后，这一过程只需要2天的时间。而且当时农民种植的粮食品种也发生改变，因为他们可以去种植那些应季的食品，因为这些粮食可以快速的运输到销售的目的地。相应的运输能力的提升使得小麦和肉类的销售量，是几年前的4~5倍，这就使得美国的工人可以获得廉价和充足的粮食。
R3
Bird Colonies
P1：集群筑巢的演化动因与核心安全优势：约 13% 的鸟类（含多数海鸟）会集群筑巢，该行为演化源于 “缺乏躲避捕食者的安全筑巢点” 与 “安全巢点附近存在丰富或分布不可预测的远距食物” 两大环境条件。集群筑巢的首要优势是提升安全性，如在捕食者难以抵达的小型岩岛筑巢；且集群鸟类比小群体或成对鸟类更快察觉捕食者，并能驱逐捕食者。由于 colony（集群）边缘巢比中心巢更易受捕食者威胁，鸟类对中心优势巢点的偏好促使巢群密集集中。
P2：黄腰酋长鸟的集群防捕食策略：生活在秘鲁亚马逊地区、集群筑巢的黄腰酋长鸟，通过三种方式保护其封闭袋状巢免受捕食者侵害。一是将巢筑在岛屿及黄蜂巢附近，避开灵长类等树栖哺乳动物；二是群体围攻捕食者，且群体规模越大、集群规模越大，围攻效果越强；三是将活跃巢与废弃巢混合，隐藏活跃巢。其中，岛屿上及黄蜂巢附近的集群巢所受捕食威胁最小。
P3：成熟集群的额外益处：繁殖与觅食优化：集群刚形成时，协调性社会互动较弱，但成熟集群有额外益处。一方面，同步筑巢会使卵和雏鸟数量骤增，超出当地捕食者每日需求；另一方面，集群中的鸟类可通过观察同伴提升觅食效率，该行为在食物分布受限或位置多变时（如燕子捕食的空中昆虫群）尤为重要。以美洲崖燕为例，其集群是 “信息中心”，未找到食物的个体可跟随成功觅食的同伴前往优质觅食地，且所有个体均有机会跟随或被跟随，信息共享保障了繁殖成功，大型集群中亲鸟给雏鸟送食的频率和单次送食量均高于小型集群。
P4：集群筑巢的食物资源依赖：支撑大规模鸟类集群的关键是，适宜的集群地点需靠近丰富且集中的食物源。例如，星鸦和红交嘴雀的集群会定居在种子丰富的针叶林附近，肉垂椋鸟会在蝗虫爆发区附近大规模集群筑巢；秘鲁海岸的南美鸬鹚等海鸟的庞大集群，依赖洪堡寒流的富饶冷水域。洪堡寒流的丰富食物与广阔海洋栖息地能支撑大量海鸟，使其集中在少数可用筑巢点，但在厄尔尼诺年份，食物减少会导致海鸟种群锐减。
P5：集群筑巢的代价与整体权衡：集群筑巢存在诸多代价，包括巢点和配偶竞争加剧、巢材被盗、个体间物理干扰增多；即便食物丰富，大型集群有时也会耗尽当地食物并弃巢；大群体还易吸引猛禽等捕食者，且会加速寄生虫和疾病传播（如美洲崖燕的大型集群巢更易滋生跳蚤等寄生虫，实验显示这些寄生虫使大型集群中崖燕的存活率降低多达 50%，而对小型集群影响不显著，因此崖燕会选择无寄生虫的巢，或建新巢而非用旧巢）。不过，总体而言，集群筑巢的优势明显大于劣势，这一点从不同鸟类类群中该行为多次独立演化可得到证明；但目前仍缺乏一个通用框架，用于检验集群筑巢演化的不同假说。
02、听力部分
C1
建筑专业的学生找到教授，沟通两件事：一是对参与同行评议（peer review）缺乏信心，认为自己无法给出有价值的建议；二是尚未确定自身的研究主题。考虑到学生的专业背景，教授为其推荐了一位同样出身建筑专业的作家，该作家的小说中融入了建筑相关元素，希望能为学生提供启发。
L1
重复20230821 L1
白蚁丘(termite mound)及其对地质学的重要意义。白蚁丘由土壤、白蚁唾液和粪便构成，内部有复杂的隧道系统用于通风，以维持地下巢穴所需的湿度环境。对地质学家而言，分析白蚁丘的样本可帮助探测地下是否有锌、金等有用矿物沉积，是一种低成本的矿物勘探方法。
C2
学生去问学校工作人员，自己要进行的这个活动需要什么，为什么要做这个活动，要去找谁签字
L2
讲座围绕珊瑚礁展开，先强调其对生物多样性、旅游业和渔业的关键作用，随后聚焦珊瑚受损的可能原因。讲座指出珊瑚是由珊瑚虫构成的动物，幼虫期与微藻共生，环境压力（如海洋升温）会使珊瑚排出藻类致白化，长期可导致死亡。珊瑚为藻类提供生存环境，藻类帮助其生成碳酸钙（钙化过程）以构建外骨骼，抵御海浪侵蚀。研究表明，人类排放的二氧化碳使海水酸化，减缓钙化（1990-2005 年钙化率下降 14%），从而危害珊瑚的健康，但教授认为温度等其他因素也有影响。
L3
该讲座围绕油画颜料发展展开，聚焦画家扬・凡・艾克与油画颜料的关联及相关误传。此前课程关注意大利文艺复兴画家，学生询问油画颜料是否由其发明，教授指出凡・艾克被误传为发明者源于乔治・瓦萨里《绘画、雕塑和建筑大师传》。蛋彩画存在颜色有限、易开裂、笔触单一等不足，而油画颜料可实现细腻写实，凡・艾克虽非发明者却将其运用得炉火纯青。后续研究表明油画颜料早于凡・艾克时代，如 7 世纪佛教洞窟壁画就有使用
C1
一名学生向老师提议在校内一个受欢迎的乐队演出场地举办活动。老师喜欢这个乐队，但由于一些规定，学生只能自制并出售食物以解决吃饭问题。老师则提醒，类似提案曾被学生会否决，并建议学生先与学生会协商，并查阅网站上的相关规定链接以了解具体政策。
L1
人类学中传统的社会分类方式，特别是以“生存模
式"(mode of subsistence)为标准将社会分为四类:狩猎采集、游牧、园艺和集约农业。教授指出这种分类方式存在模糊性和局限性，例如难以明确区分"野生"与"驯化”，以及社会可能同时采用多种生存方式。此外，传统观点认为社会复杂性随生存模式从狩猎采集到集约农业而增加，但新几内亚的研究表明，社会的复杂性更取决于其稳定性(如是否定居、资源是否全年可用)，而非食物来源本身。例如，依赖全年可获水生资源的狩猎采集社会也可能发展出与农业社会同样复杂的社会结构。
C2
一个学生停车被多收费
L2
寻找英国旧剧场二十边形设计的证据
L3
一种鸟类不同品种的不同捕食方法
03、口语部分
第一套
TASK 1
第1套独立口语：
父母应不应该帮孩子解决问题？
Some people think that parents should help children solve their problems. Others think that children should learn to solve problems on their own, Which point of view do you agree with? Explain why, using details and example.
第2套独立口语：
支不支持学校把大型课程录下来公开放在官网上供所有人观看？
Your university is planning to film all large lecture classes and put them on the university website. Do you agree or disagree with this plan and why.
第3套独立口语：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should be encouraged to watch or listen to the news from an early age.
第4套独立口语：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Watching sports programs on television is not a good use of time.
第5套独立口语：
孩子生活在小城市还是大城市？Some people think it's best for children to grow up in a small town. Others think that growing up in the city offers more advantages. Which do you think is better? Explain why.
TASK 2
第2套
阅读：有同学建议要办一个thesis presentation 来交流，说是对水平差的学生有帮助，然后好的办法是选一小部分去pre可以节省时间。
听力：反对说学生可能来自不同专业，水平参差不齐，并且本来就可以在学校网站上查到论文全文，还能哪里感兴趣看哪里，没必要pre。第二点反对是说只选一部分来pre并不利于理解paper，全读才能懂
第3套
Task 2
学校图书馆建green roof:学生Tom要提意见说大学应该弄个green roof，因为植物可以保持室内温度，可以节约空调等等开支；还能为学生提供一个在外学习的地方。女生反对，因为：1. 图书馆已经太旧了需要钱去翻新，加新材料，而且要保持植物看起来新鲜有生命力也需要钱；2. 学校在闹市区，如果学生在外学习会分心，而且附近有很多construction会产生噪音
第4套
延长餐厅营业时间给学生们复习
第5套
更改教学质量问卷的提议，听力的女生反对
TASK 3
第2套
错误的信息会alter人们的memory of event，
例子是一个实验让大家看video
第3套
Overclaiming:有些人认为自己非常擅长某一样事情但是实际只是夸大而已。教授举了一个实验的例子：叫了一群人一开始问一些基本的地理知识，回答完这群人就觉得自己地理很行，然后researcher又给了他们一些城市名字的list，其中包括真实的和假的并让他们recognize，一些人就觉得那些假的的城市也存
第4套
attention residue
第5套
Neural plasticity. 在不断重复和锻炼的情况下，能够让细胞重生并且加深两个活跃板块的连接从而加深记忆，举例伦敦出租车司机记路
TASK 4
第2套
Island上的animal和mainland上的animal相比有两个特性: calmer&larger。没有predator了所以更calmer，不怕人，为了储存食物体积变大，所以larger
第3套
大坝（dam）对动物的负面影响：block动物的migration，举例三文鱼要穿过河交配和产生后代，大坝会影响他们的自然circle；减少栖息地，举例某种鸟类在河边的tall grass栖息，大坝破坏了草地，使得鸟消失
第4套
animal decision. 非洲野狗sneeze开始捕食; 蜜蜂跳舞传递新位置筑巢
第5套
积极态度对人的好处，能够更有效自律和更坚定更快速完成某项目标
04、写作部分
上午场
第一套
综合写作
Some schools in the United States require high school students to participate in community service to graduate. However, the reading claims that making community service a graduation requirement is not a good idea for three reasons, but the lecturer disagrees with the reading and believes that these reasons reading mentioned are not reasonable.
First, the reading mentions that high schools cannot determine which student meets the requirement of good faith. For example, students who work at their grandparents' or parents' gardens can be recorded as "two hours of service devoted to making the neighborhood look beautiful. In contrast, the listening material demonstrates the opposite idea that there are solutions that help schools identify students' efforts. Schools have a list of recognized community service. Also, most schools have independent authorities to recognize community service that students have done. The service of "making the neighborhood look beautiful" does not include working in a family garden. It should be organized by city or a neighborhood association done in a public place. A city or association official will provide a report to school, which includes service time.
Second, the author states that community service will drive students away from doing volunteer work in the future. This is more decided with self-interest than really wanting to serve others. This is because students may view community service as self-interest rather than the dedication to serving communities. On the contrary, the lecturer asserts that this reason does not make sense. This does not drive students away from doing volunteer work when they grow up; on the contrary, this requirement encourages them to do community service in the future because students who help people experience good feelings. For example, students who have worked in a hospital or worked as a child tutor can have positive feelings more than just getting diplomas for graduation. As a result, this is a chance of motivating students to turn back to engage in volunteering in the future.
Last but not least, the article suggests that the community service requirement violates students' rights by forcing them to work without their consent. By contrast, the speaker is suspicious of the article and asserts that the community service requirement does not violate students' rights if we see this as a very important class. For instance, people see volunteer work as math classes, which everyone needs to go through in order to learn life lessons. People would not see the requirement as a violation of students' right.
学术讨论
Doctor Gupta
In the next few weeks, we'll be talking about urban traffic management. Let's begin by discussing one popular idea--creating car-free central zones. Some cities around the world have recently designated their downtown areas as being automobile-free which means that vehicles are not allowed to enter the city centers.Do you think that more cities should make their central zones car-free？Why and why not?
Claire:
I support the idea of establishing car-free central zones because this will result in one important benefit for city residents-it will be better for their health. Instead of driving everywhere, people will be encouraged to walk or cycle more. It would be a great way to incorporate exercise into people's routines.
Paul:
It sounds like a good idea, but I'm skeptical. My main concern is that many businesses located in the city centers, such as shops and restaurants, may suffer because the customers will no longer be able to reach those businesses by car. For some customers, if they can't drive, they won't go at all.
I think that more cities should make their central zones car-free because this policy can reduce traffic congestion. By implementing this policy, only modes of public transportation such as buses are allowed to enter the city center, which can alleviate traffic congestions during rush hours. Reduced traffic allows people to travel more efficiently, without wasting time idling in their cars. For example, I live in the city center. In the past, from 7:00. a.m. to
9:00 a.m., there were many private cars on the road in front of my house, with parents driving their children to school or commuting to work. The street was very crowded, and people were anxious, but there was no effective way to solve traffic congestion. Three years ago, in order to beautity the city center, the government decided to turn the city center into a car-free zone, allowing public transportation such as buses or shared bikes to pass. Now, only a few buses and bicycles pass by my house every morning. Because there are no private cars causing congestion on the road, the surroundings are much quieter. In our community, many residents choose to travel by bus, and they are less anxious and stressed about their schedules because public transportation enables them to travel to work or school on time.
I understand Paul's concern that consumers will no longer be able to reach businesses in city centers by car, but the reality can be quite the opposite. In the past, due to many private cars on the road, many people were worried about traffic congestion or the difficulty of finding parking. As a result, they were more likely to stay home shopping or watching movies rather than visiting city centers to shop. Now that our city center is a car free zone, and without traffic jams and parking troubles, many families can travel in convenient and comfortable buses to the city center to enjoy the weekend, so these downtown businesses are happy to see an increase in consumers.«
第二套
综合写作
The reading puts forward three methods to protect bats and prevent their extinction, while the lecture refutes each of these methods one by one, arguing that they are not feasible.
First, the reading suggests letting bats live in fewer places with a denser population to protect them. However, the lecture opposes this method. It points out that high population density will make it easier for parasites to spread among bats, which in turn threatens the health of the bat population. This means that the approach proposed in the reading may not achieve the goal of protection, but instead brings new health risks to bats.
Second, the reading proposes providing artificial bat boxes for bats and placing them in areas without predators to ensure their safety. But the lecture argues against this. It emphasizes that bats have a strong territorial awareness and need a long time to adapt to new environments. The artificial bat boxes, as a new habitat, may not be accepted by bats quickly, and even if placed in predator-free areas, they cannot effectively play a protective role due to bats' poor adaptability.
Third, the reading advocates artificially eliminating bats' predators to increase the bat population. In contrast, the lecture refutes this from a practical perspective. It states that the government has signed laws opposing such practices, which means this method cannot be implemented in reality. Therefore, the approach suggested in the reading is not operable.
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