9月13日的托福考试结束啦~同学们考的怎么样呢？这次托福考试疑似又被做局！口写两套变三套，这是什么令人窒息的操作？！快来看看本场托福考情回顾吧👇
01、阅读部分
R1
Magma 原题
要形成岩浆的话，必须压力比较低，而且温度足够高，才能够使得岩石融化。其实地核中心距离地表是有几千公里的，那是地球上最热的地方，但是因为压力特别高，所以阻止了内核金属的融化。因为整个地核全都被封闭起来了，因此液体只能在。内部到处的流动。但是当越来越靠近地面的时候压力就会下降，地核仍然有可能能使得地壳慢慢的融化。当然人类幸运的是整个的地球还是非常坚固的，并且地核被多层所包裹，所以地球上才没有，到处都是火山。
在整个地壳的最上层，其实是有很多不同的板块所组成的。这些板块自身会进行运动，但是因为地壳与下面几层的板块，温度不是特别的相同。而且整个地球的板块特别的大，所以在压力和温度合作的条件下，仍然使得地幔能够保持固态的形状。而岩石层在上下来进行移动的时候，也没有办法足够快速的冷却来避免融化。因此这就使得一部分岩浆涌到了地面之上，我们在夏威夷板块下方就可以发现这样的岩浆。
还有一种岩浆是在地壳内部产生的，而不是在更下层产生的，它在距地面只有十几公里的地方形成。这一部分熔岩大多是含水量比较高的熔岩。它的最低熔点可以达到300℃。所以只要地核当中的一部分热量向上蔓延。能够穿透到大陆地壳的时候。这一部分地壳就容易获得足够的热量来变成岩浆。这一部分岩浆的特点是特别像融化的蜡烛。
因为岩浆的密度其实是相对于岩石比较低的，因此所有的岩浆全都会顺着裂缝向上来进行运动。因为整个岩浆的特点就是密度比较低而在。相同的情况下，密度越低就越会向上来进行运动。因此密度越低，运动速度越快。当。他们到处地进行移动，直到最终找到足够大的裂缝的时候，他们就会把地壳向上推开喷发而出。在靠近地表的地方，密度也会产生相似的影响，而且因为一部分岩浆的密度与地表石头的密度接近，所以就会出现岩浆到一定程度就无法继续于上升的情况，而这个时候岩浆的体积开始增加，会通过膨胀的方式冲破地壳。而随着岩浆体积越来越大，他们会把一部分周围的石头溶解到岩浆当中。这里面比较大的石头有可能有房子那么大。这些巨大的石头有可能会向下掉落几百米的距离到最终完全的融化，进而慢慢的去改变岩浆的化学性质。最终化学实验表明，任何的岩浆当中都会有一部分物质是由周围的石头填充而成的。但是当岩浆慢慢的冷却，进而停止移动之后，它就没有足够的热量再去融化新的石头了。
R2
农业灌溉Challenges of Mesopotamian Agriculture 原题
公元前 4500 年，美索不达米亚大部分肥沃土地开垦完成。南部的苏美尔由多个主要城市主导，乌鲁克在公元前 3000 年已有约 50000 居民。灌溉为当地田地提供养分，但也带来隐藏风险。半干旱地区地下水含大量溶解盐分，在河谷和三角洲等地下水位接近地面处，地下水易上升到土壤并蒸发，留下盐分。蒸发率高时，持续灌溉会导致盐分积累，最终毒害作物。防止半干旱土壤盐分积累有两种方法：适度灌溉或定期休耕
R3
农业 New Farm Technology and the Horse 原题
马在中世纪欧洲农业中的作用逐渐凸显，替代了更早被使用的牛。牛在公元前4000至3000年已被驯化用于农耕，但马凭借更强的耐力和更长的每日工作时间，逐渐成为更优的选择。然而，马在农业中的广泛应用面临一个关键障碍——Harness（挽具）的设计问题。牛的轭并不适用于马，因为两者的解剖结构存在显著差异。早期使用的throat-and-girth harness（颈腹带挽具）存在设计缺陷，容易移位，甚至可能压迫马的气管，导致窒息风险
R4
天体
天体是宇宙空间中的各类物质存在形式，包括恒星、行星、卫星、彗星、流星体、星云以及星际介质等。恒星是能够通过核聚变产生光和热的天体，太阳是距离地球最近的恒星，为地球提供光和热，是地球生命存在和繁衍的基本条件之一。行星围绕恒星运行，自身不发光，依靠反射恒星的光被看见。地球是太阳系中的一颗行星，拥有适合生命存在的独特环境。卫星是围绕行星运行的天体，如地球的天然卫星——月球，它对地球的潮汐现象产生重要影响。
R5
The waterfall environment 原题
水流从高处落下形成瀑布，这成为许多动植物难以跨越的障碍，甚至导致瀑布上下游的鱼类演化成不同品种或独特物种。虽然瀑布一般会阻碍迁徙，但像鲑鱼这样的生物却能借助低矮瀑布和急流——尤其是呈阶梯状分布的水段——成功向上洄游。它们无法逆流游上瀑布，但擅长跳跃，比如大西洋鲑能跃过三米多高，还会借助瀑布底形成的波浪助力起跳。
不过，并非所有生物都能安然度过瀑布。一些浮游生物在经过急流和瀑布时会被消灭，但也有些物种能存活下来。除了游泳和跳跃，有些鱼还靠吸盘攀爬湿滑的岩壁，比如某些虾虎鱼；幼鳗则通过岸边湿润区域绕开瀑布，以另一种方式完成上行。
R6
Trade and Herring in Dutch Society 原题
尽管当时尼德兰人民正与西班牙统治者交战，但1588至1648年间荷兰经济却蓬勃发展，而贸易正是这一繁荣的核心。贸易扩张直接和间接地带来了更多就业机会：到十七世纪中叶，商船舰队雇佣了近三万人，港口货物装卸也为大量劳动力提供了工作。此外，内河运输系统也需要许多人手，负责通过河流和运河运送货物与乘客。另一个重要就业来源是各类手工业制造——当时生产仍以人力为主，几乎不使用非畜力能源，只有锯木场大规模借助风力。渔业和相关加工产业同样吸纳了大量就业。虽然大宗商品（尤其是原材料）的进口和再出口对贸易经济的成功至关重要，但制造业和渔业也为对外贸易提供了宝贵的出口产品。
02、听力部分
Conversation 上午场
C1
1.学科对话。教授认为学生的报告描述过于简略，并给出建议，可以直接从天文学家的观测结果入手。提到SMC（Small Magellanic Cloud小麦哲伦云）。
2.图书馆要升级，所以3楼要先关了。学生参加了一个特殊项目, 来问图书馆升级会不会影响自己的工作。（20160522原题）
3.plant seed做实验
4.教授邀请学生一起去德国参加一个考古项目
L1
1.睡觉与认知、学习之间的关系和对应的实验。实验内容：一组人短暂的休息，另外一组人睡整晚。睡一个整晚的那些人的学习更加出色。并介绍三种睡眠类型。
2.艺术类，德国动画先驱Lotte Reiniger的影片，她的作品如何融合传统与创新的元素。讲座开头对比迪士尼影片，指出尽管迪士尼后来的动画长片在技术上也更为复杂先进，但Reiniger才是创作出世界首部动画长片的真正先驱。
3.植物共生，提到两种细胞，概念解释考点：endosymbiosis（内共生）
4.两个对考古学有帮助的技术，提到埃及金字塔
5.biofilm（菌膜）的好处、形成，以及对细菌的帮助机制
6.在南极发现某种不属于该地区的化石，可能是由于地壳运动；也提到了北极，通过发现的化石得出一些结论
下午场
C2
1.学生想建立一个puzzle club，然后问应该怎么办，那个老师说没有启动资金，只有活动资金，她还要去填一个老长的表并且说服一帮人他们的club有学生。
L2
1.black mountain college的教学模式，classic instrucment为什么不会变
2.板块之间相互挤压形成三种不同深度的石头 举例日本和pacific
3.马克吐温受到的影响，包括他的经历和两个其他作家。
03、口语部分
第一套
TASK 1
1. Some people read or watch the news every day. Other people prefer not to follow news stories regularly. Which do you prefer and why?
Some people like to do team sports, while others like to do sports alone. Which do you prefer?
重复了2021年11月13日的题
TASK 2
套一：
阅读：
阅读建议把几个短的假期合并成一个为期一周的长假期，理由主要有两个：1.学生可以休息得更好（rest better），减少学习疲劳。2.长假期对有科研和大作业的学生更有利（helpful for students with research and assignments），因为他们可以利用较长的假期集中完成任务。
听力反驳：
1.每学期（semester）缩短，学习更加艰苦（more stressful）。
2.很多学生会利用假期时间玩乐（travel），而不是完成科研任务或作业。因此这个变化达不到预期目标（not achieve the aim）。
TASK 3
套一：
主题：预先给予（Pregiving）
定义：
它指的是一种商业策略，即先给予人们一些小礼物或好处，以降低对方的心理抗拒，使其更愿意接受后续的请求或交易。例子：一位年轻教授所在的公司通过赠送小日历来换取更多捐款，成功为清扫当地河流的项目筹款。Pregiving在现实生活中应用广泛，如超市的“买一送一”促销、电商平台节假日赠送优惠券或小礼品吸引用户购买更多商品、公益募捐活动中赠送小卡片或手环以请求捐款等。
TASK 4
套一：
主题：适应（adaptation）
定义：
文章详细阐述了植物在洪水地区生存的两种适应方式：物理适应和生殖策略改变。
例子：
物理适应方面，一些植物如特定草类，其根部能在水面上漂浮，通过空气获取氧气，可能借助类似莲藕根部的气腔结构实现。生殖策略改变方面，有植物仅在干燥气候下释放种子，避免潮湿环境导致种子腐烂，同时干燥气候使种子外壳更硬，更好保护内部胚胎。这些适应性变化提升了植物在洪水地区的存活率和繁衍能力。
04、写作部分
上午场
第一套
综合写作
The reading claims that there are three reasons explaining why moths are attracted to light sources, but the lecturer disagrees with the reading and believes these explanations are unconvincing.
First, the passage mentions that moths fly toward the direction of the moon to avoid predators. In contrast, the listening material demonstrates an opposing argument that if moths flew toward light to escape predators, they would not keep flying for hours or even longer. To be more specific, escaping from predators only requires a short-term evasive action, and there is no need for moths to fly continuously toward a light source for such a long time, which directly contradicts the reading's explanation.
In addition, the author states that moths fly toward artificial lights because these lights emit heat. Conversely, the lecturer argues that some artificial lights do not emit much heat, yet moths still like to fly around them. According to the listening material, if heat were the real reason for moths' attraction to artificial lights, they should only be drawn to lights that produce a lot of heat. Thus, the author is heavily challenged by the lecturer again.
Last but not least, the article suggests that moths mistake artificial lights for food resources. However, the speaker doubts the article and asserts that moths have the ability to distinguish food. Moths rely on their inherent biological mechanisms to identify real food sources, and it is impossible for them to confuse artificial lights, which have no characteristics of food, with their food resources.
学术讨论
Doctor Diaz
Next week, we’ll examine some challenges that managers face. One challenge is determining how much independence employees should have. Consider this: many managers give employees the freedom to set their own working hours. For example, an employee might choose to start the workday earlier than is typical. But other managers do not allow flexible schedules, arguing that they create problems. In industries where flexible work schedules are possible, do you think this policy would bring more benefits than adversities?
Claire
Flexible schedules are indeed a good idea. They can effectively address the issue of employees being late to work. By allowing individuals to start their work at the most convenient time for them, it not only benefits the employees, but also eliminates the need for supervisors to constantly check if everyone is "on time".
This arrangement benefits everyone involved.
Paul
Claire brings up an interesting point, although I'm not fully convinced. What would happen if the employee's clients or colleagues need to reach them? If an employee is unavailable during the typical business hours when most people are conducting business, it could be inconvenient and even frustrating for others. This might negatively impact work relationships, which is not ideal for the company.
第二套
综合写作
The reading claims that there are three main reasons for the decline or extinction of the dodo bird, but the lecturer disagrees with the reading and believes these reasons are not valid.
First, the passage mentions that dodo birds were not afraid of humans, making them easy to hunt, which led to a gradual decrease in their numbers. In contrast, the listening material demonstrates an opposing argument that dodo birds were not a target of human hunting. To be more specific, archaeological excavations have not found any dodo bird bones related to hunting activities, and the Dutch name for the dodo bird means "disgusting bird" because its meat was tough and difficult to eat, so humans had no interest in hunting it for food.
In addition, the author states that humans cut down trees, destroying the dodo bird's food sources and causing a decline in its population. Conversely, the lecturer argues that the dodo bird's extinction was not due to settlers' farming activities destroying its habitat. According to the listening material, when the last dodo bird was sighted in 1662, the forests on Island M (where the dodo bird lived) had not been significantly cut down, so the destruction of food sources by tree felling did not happen as the reading suggested. Thus, the author is heavily challenged by the lecturer again.
Last but not least, the article suggests that natural disasters contributed to the dodo bird's population decline or extinction. However, the speaker doubts the article and asserts that the natural disaster that affected the dodo bird occurred long before humans arrived. Archaeological records show that about 100 years before humans reached Island M, a natural disaster such as a flood or hurricane may have caused the death of a large number of animals on the island. This means that even without human intervention, the dodo bird was likely destined to become extinct, so the natural disaster mentioned in the reading is not a valid reason related to human - induced population decline.
学术讨论
Doctor Achebe
In many countries, the standard workweek consists of eight hours of work each day for five days per week. Now, though, some people advocate a shorter
workweek: a four-day workweek with no decrease in workers' pay. There are advantages and disadvantages to this of course. What is your opinion about instituting a shorter, four-day workweek, and why?
Andrew
I like that idea, but on one condition: that the workday is no longer than eight hours. have heard some plans require ten hours a day for a four-day week. Most employees would find that exhausting, and it could actually be counterproductive to tire out your workers. Yes to four-day weeks, but no to ten-hour days!
Claire
In my country, the workweek is Monday to Friday plus half a day on Saturday, so moving to a four-day workweek would be too drastic a change! Workers might struggle to complete their tasks in a four-day workweek. It seems less stressful to spread work out over more days rather than trying to condense it all into a shorter week.
第三套
综合写作
The reading claims that there are three effective methods to prevent Italian olive trees from being infected by bacteria, but the lecturer disagrees with the reading and believes none of these methods can solve the problem.
First, the passage mentions that cutting down all infected olive trees is a feasible way to eliminate the bacterial infection. In contrast, the listening material demonstrates an opposing argument that this method is ineffective. To be more specific, the bacteria have also infected other surrounding plants, so only cutting down olive trees cannot completely eliminate the source of infection; the bacteria will still spread to healthy olive trees through the infected non - olive plants.
In addition, the author states that the olive trees are not infected by bacteria but by fungus, and moving the fungus to other trees can prevent the olive trees from getting sick. Conversely, the lecturer argues that scientists have made a mistake in the judgment— the pathogen is not fungus but two different types of bacteria. According to the listening material, while olive trees can resist the weak bacteria, they will all be infected by the strong bacteria. Thus, the author’s proposal of moving fungus is completely irrelevant to solving the bacterial infection, and the lecturer heavily challenges the reading again.
Last but not least, the article suggests that banning countries around Italy (such as France) from importing trees from Italy can stop the spread of the bacteria and protect the olive trees. However, the speaker doubts the article and asserts that this ban is not feasible. The bacteria also exist in North America, which is a major exporter of related plants. Moreover, a certain kind of product in France is imported from North America, meaning the bacteria can spread to Italy’s olive trees through imports from North America even if imports from Italy are banned.
学术讨论
Doctor Achebe
In the next few weeks, we'll be talking about urban traffic management. Let's begin by discussing one popular idea--creating car-free central zones. Some cities around the world have recently designated their downtown areas as being automobile-free which means that vehicles are not allowed to enter the city centers. Do you think that more cities should make their central zones car-free? Why or why not?
Claire
I support the idea of establishing car-free central zones because this will result in one important benefit for city residents-it will be better for their health. Instead of driving everywhere, people will be encouraged to walk or cycle more. It would be a great way to incorporate exercise into people's routines.
Paul
It sounds like a good idea, but I'm skeptical. My main concern is that many businesses located in the city centers, such as shops and restaurants, may suffer because the customers will no longer be able to reach those businesses by car. For some customers, if they can't drive, they won't go at all.
第四套
综合写作
The reading claims that replacing incandescent lamps with CFLs (Compact Fluorescent Lamps) is not a good choice, putting forward three reasons to support this view. But the lecturer disagrees with the reading and believes CFLs are a viable alternative to incandescent lamps.
First, the passage mentions that CFLs are relatively expensive, resulting in higher costs for users. In contrast, the listening material demonstrates an opposing argument that CFLs are more cost - effective in the long run. To be more specific, CFLs are much more durable, with a lifespan 8 to 15 times that of incandescent lamps. Although their initial price is higher, their long - lasting performance allows users to save more money by avoiding frequent replacements of incandescent lamps.
In addition, the author states that CFLs release mercury, which causes pollution and harms the environment. Conversely, the lecturer argues that CFLs are more environmentally friendly than incandescent lamps despite releasing mercury. According to the listening material, the electricity used by incandescent lamps comes from fossil fuels; the more incandescent lamps are used, the more fossil fuels need to be burned, which brings greater environmental pollution. Thus, compared with incandescent lamps, CFLs have less negative impact on the environment, and the author’s view is heavily challenged by the lecturer again.
Last but not least, the article suggests that CFLs can only provide a narrow color range, making people’s eyes less comfortable when using them. However, the speaker doubts the article and asserts that this problem has been solved by the latest CFL products. The newest CFLs are able to provide the same wide color range as incandescent lamps, completely addressing the issue of eye discomfort caused by limited color options.
学术讨论
Doctor Achebe
Let's discuss the skills most needed by people who want to start and run their own business. Some experts propose that future businesspeople should focus on improving their sales techniques-after all, if you cannot sell your product, you will soon be out of business. Others believe that these future businesspeople would benefit most from learning management skills, such as how to lead teams and motivate employees. Which view do you agree with? why
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